Nursing Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

     Nurses support and empower people, families and gatherings to keep up, reestablish or improve their wellbeing status. Medical caretaker likewise care for and comfort when weakening of wellbeing has gotten irreversible. A conventional perfect of nursing is mindful and supporting of people paying little mind to race, religion, status, age, sexual orientation, finding, or some other grounds.      Nursing care depends on the improvement of a helping relationship and the usage and assessment of remedial procedures. Restorative procedure incorporates wellbeing advancement, instruction, guiding, nursing intercessions and strengthening of people, families or gatherings. It assists people with settling on decisions concerning their social insurance.      Nurses are autonomous good specialists and in some cases they have an individual good clashes that makes them awkward with partaking in specific techniques. Medical caretakers have an ethical commitment to the calling, however they are ethically qualified for decline to take an interest in strategies which would disregard their ethical convictions. Attendants tolerating positions where they possibly approached to conflict with their own ethical convictions, ought to advise their boss. Their boss and their collaborators have a duty to guarantee that they’re not oppressed.      Nursing rehearses is available in an assortment of settings. Any setting can be influenced by factors which are not inside a nurse’s control or impact. These incorporate asset limitations, institutional arrangements, the board choices, ...

Essay Topics to Write About For College

Essay Topics to Write About For CollegeCollege essays are often written from a limited number of topic areas, and it is important that students do not limit their subject to just one. Though a good grasp of the type of topic to write about may be acquired through classes, much of the writing can be accomplished by students who have the ability to expand their mind and become more creative.Many students feel that writing essays is a chore but writing should be enjoyable. Writing about things that interest them can help them avoid boredom and make them enjoy their time at school. This will also make them feel more confident and secure in their abilities as a writer and thus help their grades.The types of topics to write about for college may vary depending on the college or university that you are applying to, but there are a few things that most students should keep in mind when writing their essays. The first thing to remember is that the information that you present needs to be rela tively straightforward and easy to understand. So if you are writing an essay about a complicated subject, make sure that the information presented is simple and easy to read.Complex subjects require more explanation than others, so it is a good idea to use pictures to illustrate what is being presented. Keep in mind that if you are using written sources, such as a class text, then you must include all the facts and figures correctly. In addition, the more time that you spend creating a summary, the more likely you are to complete your essay on time. This means that your essay should include facts, figures, and references that are easily available to the reader.The essay topics to write about for college can include any subject that interests you. As an example, if you enjoy sports, then a topic that involves your sport may be a good choice. There are many different writing styles for sports, so keep this in mind as you consider which essay topics to write about for college. There a re also many different topics that you can write about, and it is important that you find one that you are interested in so that you will be happy with the information that you put into your essay.For sports topics, most students prefer the more general topics to write about, such as team sports, school sports, and local sports. These types of topics will allow you to come up with multiple topics in a shorter amount of time, and also allows you to use your creative writing skills while you are writing. In addition, if you enjoy writing for sports, then you will be able to create a unique essay that will show your interest in your sport.Of course, as you consider the writing styles and interesting essay topics to write about for college, it is important that you consider how your writing style will effect your ability to write. If you use too many technical terms and words in your essay, you may be giving the impression that you are less interested in your audience and more intereste d in yourself. If you keep this in mind, you will be able to craft a great essay that is enjoyable and that will have the ability to be written quickly and clearly.

The Tempest By William Shakespeare - 1620 Words

The Tempest, a play written by William Shakespeare, involves various aspects of power demonstrated through a flip of the hierarchy of power. Antonio, Prospero’s brother, who took Prospero’s dukeship out of a thirst for power is on a ship which Prospero has caused to wreck with a storm, on the island where he and his daughter live. This is part of Prospero’s plan to have Miranda become the next heir of Naples by marrying Alonso’s son, Ferdinand, King of Naples. In Act Two, Antonio and Sebastian, Alonso’s brother, believe everyone else not with them has died in the shipwreck and conspire to kill Gonzalo, a lord, as well as Alonso to make Sebastian the next heir of Naples. Throughout Act Three, Caliban, a slave of Prospero, sets up a plan to†¦show more content†¦He also calls Miranda ignorant, for not knowing more of who they are, in these few lines. This section of dialogue lets us know Prospero wants more for his daughter who knows little of their life. Prospero then goes into beginning to tell Miranda about their lives, saying she now must know who her father is (1.2.33). In the exchange of these couple of lines we get the impression that Miranda believes whatever her father, Prospero, says is all there is to know and that Prospero has been uninformative with Miranda about their lives. Before going more in-depth with the story of their past, Prospero asks Miranda if she can remember a time before the island and then answers before giving her a chance to respond (1.2.39-40). This lets us know that Prospero controls conversations between him and Miranda. Miranda’s personality is already beginning to change some during Prospero’s story, she asks her father to continue talking about their past though it may be painful for him to go on. Another aspect of the story that reoccurs is Prospero asks multiple times if Miranda is paying attention, therefore appearing desperate for attention. Though his story is ups etting Miranda, he asks her to continue listening to what he is saying, implying that he doesn’t mind seeing her upset nor does she mind him seeing her cry (1.2.135). By the end of the story however, Prospero never directly answers Miranda’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1603 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play, The Tempest, power is manifested in several forms: the investigation of the power of love, the power of magic and illusion, or the power of nature. However, in The Tempest, power is most clearly defined as dominance. Throughout the play, there is a universal pursuit of dominance over other people, dominance over property, or dominance over cultural ideals. These pursuits of dominance are used in an attempt to further ones authority, and, ultimately, one’s life. In The Tempest, a motif ofRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 Pagescritique rank’s Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ as one of the most preeminent and descriptive plays addressing the role of colonial power and conquest in literature. One of Shakespeare’s last plays, ‘The Tempest’ explores the direct parallel between the working proletariats and wealthy bourgeois. Therefore the focuses of this paper are the implications of hegemony and class alienation, the commoditization of human subc lasses, and the commonalities with â€Å"The Tempest† and Shakespeare’s life. The analysisRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe greatest playwright of English literature was William Shakespeare. His final play that he wrote alone was The Tempest, the story of how the former Duke of Milan, Prospero, returned to power after being exiled on an island for twelve years. While reading The Tempest, it is hard not to notice the ambivalence of the character of Prospero. Consequently, the character’s motivation and subsequent characteristics are solely defined by the reader. Typically, Prospero is seen as driven by either revengeRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1042 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare uses the events of the plot to present a theme of how a lust for power can drive actions. The specific settings of scenes help clarify the desires for power in the characters and how they plan to achieve them. The Tempest provides insight, through Prospero, into the question of how our decisions reveal our character. The Tempest is filled with examples of strong manipulation and how much is too much. The title of this play used both literally and metaphorically explains the overallRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1858 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s The Tempest refines his portrayal of nature from the earlier play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, nature is shown to be mysterious presence that blurs the lines between reality and illusion; it is a magical force that is unreachable and incomprehensible for human beings. A Midsummer Night’s Dream gives nature a mischievous, playful, dreamlike feel because in this play nature interferes for the sake of love. The Tempest breaks down the barrier that dividesRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesThe tempest by William Shakespeare is a story about a man named Prospero and his daughter Miranda. Within the story Prospero does almost everything for his daughter. Prospero takes one the mother’s role and finds Miranda a fiance. Telling her the truth about how they came about to end up on the island. Prospero protecting Miranda at all costs making sure nothing hurts her. The Attitude prospero has towards Miranda when compared to the attitude towards others. Thought some of the things he s doneRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare950 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tempest is a play that seems to be about a group of shipwrecked nobles, when in actuality it is a critique of the destructive effects of one group forcing its ideas on another. William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest in the early 1600’s, a time when England was beginning to assert itself as a superpower by colonizing other countries. In The Tempest Prospero is a callous character who mistreats Caliban, and as a result, Caliban becomes resentful and bitter, but unable to rule himself; ultimatelyRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest is a play written by William Shakespeare around 1610 toward the end of his career as a poet and playwright. The Tempest fits in the genre of tragicomedy. The genre blends aspects of tragedy and romance together which are depicted in a humorous way. The Tempest is set on an island where its location is unspecified. The play finds Prospero and Miranda, ousted former Duke of Milan and his daughter, living in exile on an island with Caliban, its lone native inhabitant. Change affects theRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Tempest is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays, and as such, has been examined in many different ways by many different people. In the world of literature, there are a few different distinct styles of review that are used to examine works of literature, these are called schools of critique or critical lenses. All of these schools serve a purpose in examining different themes in a work depending on the work, and the tempest is no exception. The Tempest has many sub themes in the story

F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby - 2385 Words

The Research You don t write because you want to say something, you write because you have something to say, F. Scott Fitzgerald (F. Scott Fitzgerald Quote- Brainy Quote). Not only did he write well written novels and short stories, he wrote them in such a way to inspire and entertain his generation and future generations. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a leading author in America s Jazz age- the twenties. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota. His father, Edward, was an unsuccessful manufacturer of wicker furniture in St. Paul, and later he became a salesman for Procter Gamble in upstate New York. Meanwhile his mother, Mary, was the daughter of a successful Irish immigrant who was a wholesale grocer (F Scott Fitzgerald Centenary). Fitzgerald had a sister named Annabel who was born in 1901. As a child growing up his father had multiple jobs and lived comfortably off of his mother s inheritance. They weren’t rich, but comfortable. In primary, intermedi ate and high school Fitzgerald became very successful and a leader to multiple clubs and teams. But his success caused other peers to despise him, making him the smart outcast of the school. In 1909, Fitzgerald published his first story. At the ages of fifteen to seventeen he attended the Newman School, it was a Catholic prep school, in New Jersey. There he met Father Sigourney Fay, who encouraged Fitzgerald to follow his dreams as a writer. (Werlock, Fitzgerald, F. Scott.Show MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby974 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the Valley of Ashes: The Great Gatsby â€Å"This is a valley of ashes- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and raising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air† (Fitzgerald 26). In the novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† the author F. Scott Fitzgerald, mainly depicted lives of the rich and their luxuries but also showed theRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 Pages and many people realized their own version of the American Dream during this period. The American Dream is one that many people want to achieve. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald demonstrates his true feelings about the American Dream in his classic novel, The Great Gatsby. Many characters in this story, such as Daisy and Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, and Jordan Baker, found riches and happiness in materialistic things and people throughout this novel. This is the stereotypical American Dream that is associatedRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby944 Words   |  4 Pages423169 Prompt #4 No Comments Lim [f (x)] - 0 = ∞ ... The Limit as X Approaches Infinity Humans continually search for success. This success surfaces in forms such as fortune, fame, glory, et cetera. The American Dream encapsulates the ideals of the â€Å"New World,† bringing together not only the idea of limitless success, but also its newfound availability and encouragement for embracing the promise land. The Great Gatsby explores the American Dream and â€Å"the actual nature of this dream... the mannerRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1265 Words   |  6 PagesJay Gatsby and His Undying Love for Daisy Buchanan F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in the midst of the roaring twenties, which was an age full of wealth, parties, and romance. Young people living in the 1920s were centered around wanting to find love so Fitzgerald, along with many other authors during this time period, focused his writing in The Great Gatsby on relationships and affection. Jay Gatsby, one of the main characters in the novel, is a very mysterious man, but there is oneRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdriving force of evolution in humanity. It allows the aspiration of being able to do astonishing things, and proffers them prosperity in life. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald delves into the American Dream and it’s demise. Fitzgerald focuses on the character of Jay Gatsby to materialize the false image that the American Dream created in the 1920’s. Gatsby is the protagonist of the novel, and is famous for throwing massive parties regardless of the s ecret life that he lives. The narrator, Nick CarrawayRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1845 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"You don’t write to say something, you write because you have something to say.† F. Scott Fitzgerald was one of the most remarkable writers of all time during the Jazz Age. He started to reach an accomplishment of success with This Side of Paradise and accomplished it with The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels take place back in the early 1900’s; he attempts to communicate knowledge to the elocutionist, in a sophisticated, but humorous way, that making it big is not uncomplicated. FurthermoreRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1202 Words   |  5 PagesJay Gatsby and F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald is an acclaimed American author, popularly recognized for his novel The Great Gatsby. In addition to his literary work, Fitzgerald is noted for his unstable personal life. Originally coming from a low-income background, he could not marry the woman that he first loved. Even when he met another woman, he had to acquire wealth to marry her; this drove him to publish his first novel. He married her shortly after. However, a couple years after, heRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1258 Words   |  6 Pages What Killed Gatsby? Love or Greed? To certain people, Gatsby’s death was a cruel and surprising conclusion to The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. But there is still some mystery around the cause of Gatsby’s death. Upon meeting Gatsby for the first time, one can tell that he has an obsession centered around Daisy Buchanan, his old love, and was dead set on getting her back. Gatsby’s obsession with repeating the past is responsible for his death and Gatsby’s greed put him in a grave. FurtherRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1761 Words   |  8 Pagescould be the main focus of people who are going out on their own to create a family. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald took a different route in his most famous novel. Fitzgerald uses his book, The Great Gatsby, to show how the idea of the American Dream is slowly dying in the society he created. Although the American Dream was prevalent during the time The Great Gatsby took place in, F. Scott Fitzgerald went against the social norm of believing in this idea and revolved his novel around the idea ofRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1894 Words   |  8 Pageslife. In the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald, this statement could not be truer. In fact, much of Fitzgerald’s most famous work feature plots that closely parallel events from his life (Lathbury 10). For example, his novel This Side of Paradise includes a young man who is rejected by the love of his life on the grounds of his social status. Zelda similarly rejected Fitzgerald for his social status at first. In comparison, it is not surprising that Fitzgerald’s story The Great Gatsby takes place in the

Curation and Exhibition

Questions: 1. Define curation and exhibition and outline your research aims and methods 2. Apply correct procedures when researching spaces, artists, film-makers for your curation and exhibition and justify its validity. 3. Present your research outcomes to an audience on an agreed day.This work must use quotations accurately, be referenced and have a credit list Any films you have used or other source materials must comply with legal considerations 4. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your curation research process evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your research outcomes and critically assess areas of your work for further consideration and make recommendations Answers: Introduction: Media, nowadays, has become one of the most appealing parts of the present society. Curating and exhibiting of the news is stated to be the most significant approaches in order to present any information before the common people. This research work is going to identify the research procedure that is going to be adapted by the researcher in order to identify how curating and exhibiting of the news and information is becoming more ethical in the approaches. The researcher, at the same time, presents the idea of conducting the research work. Research Method and Procedure in Media Production: In order to conduct a research work on curating and exhibiting in creative media production application of the proper research method and procedure is literally essential. Within a media house to conduct the research work, proper validation of the research study seems to be literally essential. This helps in analyzing the possible structural method for this research work. Collecting data in firsthand for this current research work is may prove to be significant. Media, as observed by Hansen (2010), has become an art in this contemporary period but maintains distance from the conventional art forms. Curating explores the genuine characteristics of distinction to new form of media art which ascertains questioning of space and time. At the same time, it relates the contemporary form of video art, performance art and social engagement art. The mode of curating channels the engagement of media production into the sustainable presentation. Presentation of the curator both online offline forms help in managing the media ethics. The aim of this particular research study is to identify how curating and exhibiting appears to be intrinsic within a media house. The researcher at the same time targets at analyzing significant approaches taken by the media group to determine its contribution in the contemporary era of presenting the information. Application of the deductive research approach, comprising with the structural and theoretical approaches seem to be significant which helps in developing the research process. This process helps the researcher in analyzing the possible areas of research development. In order to analyze the theories, the collected data can possibly be analyzed properly which helps in determining the technical flawlessness of the study. Selection and identification of data and using them properly in order to conduct a research work paves way for the fundamental development of the research study. Birringer (2010) is of this view presenting media production from the organizational point of view helps in identifying essential understanding of the media approaches taken up in order to perform media curating and exhibition. Procedures of Collection of Accurate Data: In order to conduct the research work, the researcher is going to collect the data both in primary and secondary techniques. The researcher aims of conducting an interview of some media person, currently attached with any media house in UK. The researcher will ask some pre-ascertained questions to these people and will also try to assess how the application of curating and exhibiting appears to be literally sophisticated in nature. On the other hand, for the secondary data collection the researcher will seek for these data from different published journals, books and websites. The predecessors of the present researcher have conducted different research study on curating and exhibiting of media. The researcher will collect data and information from those sources and enable them using in this present research work. Justification of Validate Data: The collected data is literally appropriate and the researcher guarantees of its reliability. The data collected in primary approach are, undoubtedly; quite sophisticated in the approach of determining data validation. The researcher ascertains the data is collected by itself and the researcher has tried its best to maintain its reliability. On the other hand, for the secondary data the researcher collects the essential information from the different resources. In doing so, the researcher appears to be sophisticated in its approach to collect the information. The data is validate and ethical to maintain its ethos. Validation and reliability of the data and information is intrinsic which helps in maintaining proper research ethos. Like the other research work, the current researcher also follows the ways to conduct the research work. This helps in determining the data validation. Expected Outcome of the Research Process: For this current research work, the researcher expects to bag sophisticated outcomes. The researcher expects to seek out some sophisticated approach. The researcher expects to bring out new approaches related to curating and exhibiting. The researcher wants to present the outcome in all the approaches. The quality of the research work is presented all through the study which helps in delineating the research come outs. The researcher presumes that by presenting these approaches new dimensions of the research study will go opened. The new ideas of exhibiting and curating comes out in this process will be presented sophistically. At the same time, the researcher will focus on the technique that has been used for conducting this research work. The possible alternative ways opened to attain intensity for this research study is also highlighted by the researcher. The researcher sustains more affluence and contingence which maintains more ethical approaches for this research study. The res earcher will keep the spaces open for the further research study that may be conducted being based on this study. The research work will identify what are the possible ways of delineating more ethical issues which may seem to be helpful for the media person. The peer review report helps the researcher to identify more ethical issues. The outcome of this research work is helpful to generalize more ethical attributes. This research approach seems to be helpful which helps ion delineating all these ethics. Credit List of Bibliography: For this research work the researcher has adapted data from the different secondary sources. The researchers of this research work are needed to be contributed with immense credit for helping this research work. At the same time, respondents from whom the data and information is collected by the researcher are also credited for their help and involvement. Demonstration of the Compliance for the Research Process: In order to conduct this research work, the researcher has to follow some ethical issues. The researcher, according to the legislation, in no way the researcher has forced the respondents to answer. At the same time, volunteer participation of the respondents is appreciated by the research. The researcher confirms that the information and data used for this research work in no way be used for the other research study. The researcher is convenient in its approaches helps in managing the ethics of this research study. The researcher in no way use the research data for the other research work and in no way the respondents information will be disclosed to the others. More to be added, the researcher affirms that the research work is complies with all the ethical approaches like the other research works. Strengths and Weaknesses of this Particular Research Work: The researcher collects data and information both in the primary and secondary approaches which let the researcher analyzing the bookish knowledge on the practical approaches. The researcher engages in developing more ethical approaches. This seems to appear the strength of this particular research work. The researcher at the same time has conducted a vast research which has helped him in analyzing a lot of things which complied with the ethical approaches. On the other hand, the researcher interviewed different persons related to this field that helps the researcher ascertaining more ethical approaches. The researcher in no way has deviated from its aim to be fulfilled for this research work which can stated to be a strengths of this study. But there are some weaknesses as well. The researcher does not have any control over the respondents answers. The researcher cannot control their answers. Therefore, the researcher cannot guarantee that all the respondents has answered properly/. At the same time, the researcher had barely any control over them which may have led them hide vital information. This may have led the research work deviated to a wrong track. Strengths and Weaknesses of this Particular Research Outcome: The research outcomes are genuine and come out only after the thorough research study. The researcher collects data from the different secondary resources which have inspired to emerge a positive outcome. The researcher has identified different approaches which have helped in managing the outcomes sophistically. But it is needed to be stated that the outcomes of this research work are completely academic. In no way they are confirmed or checked by the media research experts. The researcher has attained sophistication in this approach to identify the necessary ethos, however, how far they are congenial and effective the researcher is having thorough doubt. Further Recommendation and Consideration: This current research work is limited to curating and exhibition of media techniques, but there is a lot of aspects lay effective to be researched. Therefore, this research work is expected to be the light giver. Standing on the porch of media approach, this research helps in attaining more sophistication for the upcoming research studies. The researcher can put this research study in a big scale and can expect better outcomes. More experiments may result emergence of better technicality still unearthed. Reference List: Birringer, J. (2010). Moveable worlds/Digital scenographies.International Journal of Performance Arts Digital Media, 6(1), pp.89-107. Hansen, E. (2010). Kantian Antinomies in Digital Communications Media.Telos, 2010(150), pp.137-142.

Hades/Pluto Essay Example

Hades/Pluto Essay Hades, in Greek mythology is the god of the Underworld and the ruler of the dead. He is also known as Pluto, the god of wealth.He is the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, and therefore considered thefirst generation of Olympian gods.However, he was not considered an Olympian god.He was considered a Chthonian (from the Greek word chthon, meaning earth).The Chthonian gods inhabited the opposite realm from the Olympians (Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, etc) and were considered to be darker and gloomier characters.According to myth, the three sons of Kronos and Rhea Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades each drew lots to determine which part of the world they would rule. Zeus and Poseidon received the sky and the seas respectively, leaving Hades, who had the worst draw, with the Underworld.Hades was considered to be a greedy and unpitying god, which made him the most feared among man and the gods. He is the King of the dead but, death itself is another god, Thanatos. Hades ruled to realm of the dead alone.That is, until he became enamored with the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Demeter.Hades abducted Persephone from the upper world; Demeter then went about looking for her daughter all over the earth with torches every day and night, and during that time she did not allow the earth to produce any food for the mortals. When Demeter finally found out what happened, she ordered Hades to send back Persephone.However, before she left he gave her a pomegranate to eat.Not foreseeing the consequence, she swallowed it, binding her to the Underworld for all eternity. At Demeters arguments, Hades made a concession that since Persephone ate two pomegranate seeds; she would spend two seasons each in the upper and lower world.Demeters moods at Persephones arrival and departure is said to be why we have the seasons. Hades, although ruling alone, had various helpers in the Underworld.He was assisted by Thanatos,

Urban Gentrification and Urban Morphology Essay Example

Urban Gentrification and Urban Morphology Essay Example Urban Gentrification and Urban Morphology Paper Urban Gentrification and Urban Morphology Paper Urban Gentrification and Urban Morphology The term ‘gentrification’ has myriads of interpretations from different geographers, and sociologists. Ever since, there has been protracted debate on its methodology, consequences and whether it constitutes a dominant or residual urban form. The term ‘gentrification’ was first coined by the Marxist urban geographer Ruth Glass (Glass, 1964) to describe the influx of wealthier individuals into cities or neighbourhoods who replace working or lower-classes already living there by using London districts such as Islington as her example. On the other hand, Smith and Williams (1986, p. 1) define gentrification as â€Å"the rehabilitation of working class and derelict housing and the consequent transformation of an area into a middle-class neighbourhood. † Whilst Hamnett (2003, p. 402) builds on Glass’s definition of gentrification as a process involving class connotations and offers a more comprehensive definition incorporating economic views when he defines gentrification as a â€Å"social and spatial manifestation of the transition from industrial to a post industrial urban economy based on financial, business and creative services, with associated changed in the nature and location of work, in occ upational class structure, earnings and incomes, life styles and the structure of the housing market†. Smith (1987) supply side (which focuses on investments within urban structure) and offers his ‘rent-gap’ theory of gentrification whereas proponents of the Feminist perspective consider the notion of patriarchy, changing gender relations and feminisation of labour markets. (Dutton, 1998, p. 32) Therefore, with the myriads of interpretations by various authors (simultaneously enlarging the gentrification literature), it is evident that gentrification means differently to individuals depending on which school of though one ascribes to. Curran (2008, p. 37) correctly points out the sentiments of this author that vast literature on gentrification presents the challenge for students to â€Å"figure out who are the true giants in the field†. Dutton (1998, p. 32) is right when he said that gentrification has become a â€Å"contested boundary zone between radically different theories and explanations†. This essay began by explaining the different definitions of the term ‘gentrification’ by different theorists and identifying the various analysis of gentrification. It also attempts to outline the consequences of the emergence of gentrification. Finally, using the various examples, it also attempts to utline the correlation of gentrification and urban morphology. There are two distinctive theories explaining and justifying gentrification as an economic process and social process that transpires when the young middle-class are tired of the commuting and their dependency of the city lifestyle. Thus, young professionals from the capital moved to the poorer communities with startling period houses in convenient locations that are in need of restoration. As explained by Smith, (1987, cited in Bridge, p. 237-238) gentrification is an economic process resulting from the relationships among capital investments and the production of urban space. The gentrifiers maybe most attracted by the ‘rent gap’, i. e. the difference between ground-rent levels at various locations in a metropolitan area (Smith, 1979 cited in Zukin, 1987, p. 137). The low rents in the suburban encouraged continuous development of housing capital for the development of suburban areas and the expenditure of city money on suburban areas. Consequently, it provoked the economic abandonment of the city in favour of upcoming or new properties outside the city which cause the price of inner-city land decreased dramatically comparing to the gentrified area. The revalorization takes the form of gentrification of already existing neighbourhoods (as opposed to redevelopment or commercial development) it results in the spatial displacement of labour. (Bridge, 1987, p. 238) The revalorization of the inner city is employed to close the rent gap utilising the real estate capitalists’ profit boosting intention. When the gap is sufficiently wide, inner-city properties will be reinvested and redeveloped for new tenants in closing the rent-gap, leading to higher rents, mortgages, and lease rates affordable by the new tenants, but not by the original lower income tenants. Bridge, 1987, p. 239) In an alternate view, the landlord can be driving force too in influencing the process of change. Beauregard, (1981, cited in Smith and Williams, 1986, p. 52) points out that â€Å"landlords, developers and real-estate agents, both large and small, play an important role in ‘steering’ the potential gentry to a neighbourhood, buying proper ty and speculating, and preparation for sale or for complete rehabilitation. † It can also be argued that drawing on economic analysis in connection with economic concepts of gentrification (e. . housing price increment, interest rates, lending willingness and expansion of labour market) is a more holistic approach to understanding changes in urban Britain. Economists consider the cause-effect relationship between the economies and how each economic agent interacts (e. g. money and financial markets, demand and output, cost and prices). Robert Wiedemer (2009, in an interview with journalist Seidenberg) said â€Å"the stock market, housing sector and the dollar are all interrelated and helped build the other and the economy. In another word, even the demand of residences may increase, gentrification would not be possible without financial aid from financial constitutions. This is purported by Beauregard, (1981, cited in Smith, 1986, p. 53) â€Å"property interests, nonetheles s cannot operate without the assistance of financial entities able to lend large sums of capital. † The Bank of England website too supports, â€Å"the different aspects of economy are not independent of each other. Everything is inter-related. The critique from this tool of analysis is again the challenge of information overload from looking at each single factor affecting gentrification therefore making it more complex to conceptualise gentrification. Also, the limitation of research funding can affect the quality, accuracy and credibility of academic’s findings, speed to publication and research methodology problems. Hence, the potential resulting in bias research findings, if used by local government when intervening in determining housing policies in gentrifying stagnant towns and cities may be wrongly misguided. The analysis of economic driven gentrification is clearly illustrated in London beginning from the 1950s. This process began in the Canonbury area of Islington; spread to Barnsbury and other parts of Islington, as well as Camden, Notting Hill, Primrose Hill, Kentish Town, Holland Park, and West Greenwich in the 1960s; and reached as far as Hackney in East London and parts of South London like Lambeth, Battersea, Clapham, and Fulham in the 1970s. (Moran, 2007, p. 01) Before the 1950s, the North London Borough of Islington was at a broken area, its once grand Regency and Victorian houses split into poorly maintained, multi-occupation tenements. As gentrification began from 1960s onwards, middle-class newcomers started buying up slum properties and ex-rooming houses and transformed them into appealing residences. (Moran, 2007, p. 102) The transformation was vast and it was described as major restoration of grand architecture values of the Georgian places and the rebuilt houses stand out â€Å"like good teeth among bad†. Pitt, 1977, p. 7 cited in Moran, 2007, p. 103) The houses were architecturally salvaged to the middle-class designs that were comparatively of high standard in highlighting modernism and freedom. The middle-class homeowners were the major force behind the amenity societies, sponsored by the Civic Trust, which proliferated in urban areas in the 1960s. For example, the Barnsbury Association, formed by middle-class Islingtonites in 1964, used professional planners to formulate its manifestos and forged valuable links with the local council. They persuaded the council to pay for changes in their neighbourhood including tree-planting, restoring cast-iron streetlamps and railings granite setts to give the roads a cobblestone look, implementation of a traffic scheme that closed off a middle-class neighborhood to through-traffic and redirected cars along streets full of working-class tenement blocks. Alongside other gentrifies, they campaigned against replacement of old terraced houses and squares with new housing scheme. (Moran, 2007, p. 103-105) It was morphology of urbanisation when the gentrifiers revolutinised their residences and demanded a system to achieve their requirement. There is another analysis of gentrification that is influenced by economic paradigms that accentuating on production, taking into account social reproduction and consumption. Ley’s theory suggested that transition in economics, politics and culture instigated urban gentrification. (Hamnett, 1991, p. 176) With modernisation up-scaling, there is a major focus economic shift since 1960s, of recentralising or corporate investment in selected metropolitan cores. (Fainstein Fainstein, 1982, Smith 1986 cited in Zukin, 1987, p. 38) Deindustrialisation of a city reduces the number of blue-collar occupation available to the urban working class and is fundamental to the escalation of a divided white-collar employment tertiary sector of industry – focusing on professional and managerial positions that follow the spatial integration of the capital. Headquarters and ‘back offices’ no longer share space; each stratum of white-collar work generates in its proximity the am enities that suit its status, salary levels, and office rents. Industrialisation and blue-collar residences are displaced beyond the heart of the city. (Zukin, 1982 cited in Zukin, 1987, p. 39) Ley linked this to the shift from a goods-producing to a service-producing society, and to the decline of manufacturing industry and the rise of office work. (Hamnett, 1991, p. 176) The second proposition of Ley was that post-industrial society is distinguished from industrial society by the active role of government. Consequently, Ley (1980, p. 241 cited in Hamnett, 1991, p. 176) argued that â€Å"decision making and allocation of resources is now referred to the political arena and not only to the market place†¦ The politicization of varied interest groups is challenging the formerly hold of business lobby on political decision making. Governments are creating manifesto to help stabilising the economy which inevitably causes gentrification. For example, in Shanghai when Chinese govern ment is developing housing which is directly connected to the fundamental processes of urban economic, political and geographic restructuring. Residential reorganisation, which promoted housing commoditisation and promotion of home ownership, has significantly inspired the development of a real estate market, consequently altering the primary forces of urbanisation and prompted modern precedent of neighbourhood. Against the backdrop of market transition, the Shanghai local state engages an active role in commencing and assisting the gentrification process. They are motivated by the state’s decentralizing policy in fiscal and administration system to offer an important role to local state in urban morphology and economic growth. Moreover, the free market enables the local authorities to pursue of rapid economic expansion and revenue boost. (He, 2007, p. 174-176) This is exemplary of Bailey and Robertson (1997, p. 63) in their research pointing out the importance of the â€Å"role of the state, particularly the impact the state can have in shaping or redirecting the process of change. † Finally, Ley (1980, p. 241 cited in Hamnett, 1991, p. 176) contended that the reassertion of individualism and the growth of a more sensuous and aesthetic philosophy is growing among the middle class, particularly on the American West coast. This further piloted to another factor of gentrification , focusing on the post-industrialised world creating a livable city. Ley (1980, p. 239 cited in Hamnett, 1991, p. 76) argued that there is a new ideology of urban development, an â€Å"urban strategy seemed to be passing from an emphasis on growth to a concern with a quality of life; the new liberalism was to be recognised less by its production schedules than by its consumption styles. † People are demanding for more facilities, for greater beauty and a better quality of life in the arrangement of our cities. This progressivism has made way for commercial exploitation of urban lifestyle. In May 1964, Terence Conran opened the first Habitat; that branched out into the entire United Kingdom. Moran, 2007, p. 108) In London as elsewhere, gentrifiers often differentiate themselves as people who make different choices in life. Amplifying individualism notion, they want to be unique, edgy, cosmopolitan alternative to supposed conventionality and homogeneity of the suburbs. Habitat exploited this ethos, promoting itself as classless and egalitarian that was completely anti-suburban, Conran tied this lifestyle revolution to a general atmosphere of societal attitude advancement and ethical consumerism reflecting its middle-class ambiance. (Moran, 2007, p. 08-110) It was altogether a new phenomenon as this perception contrasts their previous trend and residential choice were in the less traditional area with potentially profound impacts for the deprived and lower paid households in such areas. It is normally associated with less affluent, often working class, inner-city communities which are transformed into more affluent, middle or upper class, communities by the upgrading and modernisation of buildings, resulting in increased land values and the removal of less affluent residents. (Atkinson, 2002, p. ) However, according to the Real Estate Board of New York Inc. , (New York Times,1985 cited in Smith, 1996, p. 30), â€Å"We believe that whatever displacement ge ntrification causes, though must be dealt with public policies that promote low and moderate income housing construction and rehabilitation and in zoning revisions that permit retail uses in less expensive, side street locations. We also believe that New York’s best hope lies with the families, businesses and lending institutions willing to commit themselves for the long haul to the neighbourhoods that need them. That’s gentrification. † Is this mission statement completely classless? Theoretically, using the media for the benefit for public but in reality, possibly the middle class reaches the source. A more cynical interpretation of this advertisement can be said that the advertisers were hired by those indirectly or directly benefiting from gentrification to justify their actions. Their creative advertising language is used to paint positive and downplay the negative connotations associated with emotional word, gentrification. A few considerations are worth noting here. Is there anything wrong with upgrading a residential area by meeting the demand? To one person, it means improved housing, safer streets and new retail businesses. To another, it means unaffordable housing and regimenting of a diverse neighbourhood. In other terms, gentrification is the upgrading of housing and retail business in a neighbourhood with an insertion of private investments. This process and its consequences however are complex. Conclusively, gentrification is a process of physical, social, economic and cultural changes in inner-city communities resulting from the influx of new people. Slater (2004) comments that gentrification is a highly complex issue that is very difficult to define precisely. It is observed that middle class gentrifiers are part of a much larger picture but limitations in gentrification research methodology interestingly points out that that gentrifiers are easier to find and interview than other agents of gentrification. Displaced residences are somewhat ‘unreachable’ especially those at risk of being displaced. (Slater, 2004, p. 1142 and Smith, 1986, p. 3) The theories developed above were able to shed some light on the root of gentrification but yet, they merely examine the first fold of the broad issue, i,e, why has it happened? In my opinion, gentrification is somewhat like the chain of demand and supply and it is seldom balance. It exists as an essence in the equilibrium of society facilitating the economic, political and societal growth. The need to create the market for demand, then supplying the demand and it runs in a cir cle that never ends, gentrification.